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Printable Handouts
Navigable Slide Index
- Introduction
- Bacteria are a global cause of death
- Important topics in bio-medicine involve bacteria
- Lecture outline
- Bacterial characteristics
- Gram positive cell wall
- Gram negative cell envelope
- Capsules
- Lecture outline: microbiome
- Microbiome
- The human microbiota is abundant
- Huge biosynthetic capacity within the genetic capacity of the microbiome
- Antimicrobials generated through intense competition between microbes
- The human microbiota is diverse
- The human microbiota is highly specific
- Lecture outline: bacterial immune evasion
- Immune evasion
- Key attributes of a pathogen
- Immune evasion: extracellular pathogens
- N. meningitidis
- N. meningitidis resistance to complement lysis
- Neisseria meningitidis: bacterial capsules
- N. meningitidis binds CFH
- fHbp: an important vaccine antigen
- Immune escape modulated by RNA thermosensors
- Capsules are important for resistance to host immunity
- Strategies for intracellular pathogens
- Secretion systems
- Type three secretion systems (T3SS)
- The role of type three secretion systems
- Shigella T3SS secreted effectors
- Lecture outline: bacterial variation
- PorA protein phase variation: change in length
- PorA protein phase variation: insertion of IS1301
- PorA protein: antigenic variation
- Type four pili
- Type four pili structure
- Type four pili: antigenic variation
- Intergenomic variation: horizontal gene transfer
- Shigella: intergenomic variation
- Lecture summary
- Thank you!
Topics Covered
- Bacterial cell envelopes
- Bacterial capsules
- The microbiome
- Bacterial immune evasion by pathogens
- Bacterial variation as a mechanism of evasion
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External Links
Talk Citation
Tang, C. (2021, September 29). Bacterial immune evasion [Video file]. In The Biomedical & Life Sciences Collection, Henry Stewart Talks. Retrieved October 12, 2024, from https://doi.org/10.69645/DNDI1539.Export Citation (RIS)
Publication History
Financial Disclosures
- Dr. Tang holds patents for vaccine development against Neisseria meningitidis and enteric pathogens. His laboratory has been funded by several pharmaceutical companies and is currently supported by the Serum Institute of India.
Other Talks in the Series: The Immune System - Key Concepts and Questions
Transcript
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0:00
Welcome to this lecture on bacterial immune evasion.
My name is Christoph Tang, I work on the interaction between bacteria and their host,
and I am based at the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology at the University of Oxford.
My talk will be about the way bacteria can evade the immune system.
This is quite different to many of the lectures which you've had in this course,
which is about the organisation and function of the immune system.
I'll be talking about how bacteria can subvert immunity to survive within the host.
0:33
Why should we be interested in bacteria at all?
Critically, bacteria are a leading cause of death globally.
This pie chart shows data, from the WHO, of the causes of death worldwide.
You can see that infectious diseases
- which includes bacteria, parasitic, and viral diseases -
cause a significant proportion of deaths every year.
Additionally, bacteria such as tuberculosis and pneumococcus account for the vast majority
of deaths from respiratory tract disease.
Infections such as Helicobacter pylori make a significant contribution to cancer
as an important cause of gastric cancer, and bacterial infection is the leading cause of perinatal death,
particularly in low- and middle-income countries where organisms such as E. coli
and group B streptococcus are important causes of neonatal sepsis and meningitis.
1:25
Aside from the deaths which are caused by bacterial infection,
we now know that bacteria contribute to health and disease, by being part of our microbiome.
Sequencing analysis is beginning to reveal just how complex the microbiome is,
there are more and more studies coming out on a daily basis,
showing how the microbiome influences development of the immune system, and
influences important conditions such as obesity and neurological diseases.
Another important feature is that by studying bacteria, we've now got important tools for molecular biology.
CRISPR-Cas, which is now being widely used, is a system of bacterial immune defence against phage attack,
and likewise, restriction modification systems (which are involved in bacterial immunity against phages)
have led to the development of restriction enzymes, which allowed modern molecular biology.
More recently we know that we are facing an increasing problem,
an alarming problem, with the emergence of antimicrobial resistance,
which will only increase over the next decades.
It's important we understand bacteria for a variety of reasons.