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Printable Handouts
Navigable Slide Index
- Introduction
- The early days of humoral immunity
- The division of labor of T cells
- Specialized subsets of helper T cells
- T follicular helper (Tfh) cells
- Functional specialization of Tfh1 and Tfh2 cells
- Types of B cell responses
- T-dependent and T-independent B cell pathways
- Route of antigen delivery to B cells
- Consequence of antigen capture by B cells
- Antigen internalization and presentation by B cells
- Germinal centers
- Overview of the germinal center response
- Specialized effector CD4 T cells
- CXCR5+ T cells are unique in accessing the GC
- Tfh cells express the transcription factor Bcl6
- Tfh cells are considered a subset of CD4 cells
- Interactions with DC & B cells are critical for Tfh differentiation
- Two-step differentiation of Tfh cells
- Simultaneous development of Tfh and GC
- Initiation of the GC in interfollicular zone / T-B border
- Tfh impact on B cells
- Affinity maturation
- Treg cells
- Foxp3+ T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells
- Differentiation of Tfr cells
- Tfr and Tfh cells have different antigen-specificity
- Human circulating Tfr cells are immature
- Mechanisms of Treg cells are shared with Tfr cells
- Summary
Topics Covered
- T follicular helper (Tfh) cells
- T-dependent and T-independent B cell pathways
- Tfh: B cell interactions lead to the emergence of germinal centers
- Affinity maturation
- T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells are key regulators of the germinal center response
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Talk Citation
Graca, L. (2021, January 31). Tfh and Tfr cells [Video file]. In The Biomedical & Life Sciences Collection, Henry Stewart Talks. Retrieved December 5, 2024, from https://doi.org/10.69645/PBRN5549.Export Citation (RIS)
Publication History
Financial Disclosures
- Luís Graça has no commercial/financial relationships to disclose
Other Talks in the Series: The Immune System - Key Concepts and Questions
Transcript
Please wait while the transcript is being prepared...
0:00
Hello, I'm Luis Graca,
I'm a professor of Immunology at the University of Lisbon Medical School,
and I direct a research group at Instituto de Medicina Molecular in Lisbon.
0:11
Antibodies have been known for a long time.
Even before antibodies were known to be produced by B cells,
antibodies have been used therapeutically to treat, for example,
patients with tetanus as a way to neutralize the toxin leading to the disease,
and it was only in the '50s that it was shown that chickens that do not have a
bursa do not make B cells that were named
B cells exactly because of the relationship with this organ of chicken,
and as a consequence,
do not make antibodies.
T cells were also described shortly afterwards
as being produced in the thymus as early thymectomy of
mice was shown to compromise the ability of
these mice to make cellular responses and also humoral responses,
suggesting here a relationship between T and B cells for the production of antibodies.
1:10
Shortly afterwards, it was discovered that in fact,
T cells specialize in different functions and CD8 T cells
became known as cells that are important for the cytotoxic cellular responses,
while CD4 cells were important to help B cells leading to humoral immunity.
1:32
Even more recently, in the '80s,
it became known that the CD4 cells,
the ones that were considered to be helper cells, could also specialize.
At that time, it became known that some cells
can lead to type 1 responses being known as Th1,
and others to type 2 responses being known as Th2,
and the type one related T cells, the Th1 cells,
could drive B cells to make antibodies of specific classes,
while Th2 cells could drive B cells to make antibodies of different classes.
For example, IgE associated with allergic diseases has been ascribed
as a Th2-dependent type of antibody production.