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Printable Handouts
Navigable Slide Index
- Introduction
- Outline
- Influenza
- Influenza virus: an evolving challenge
- But it is not a new disease
- The chameleon organization
- The chameleon structure was slow to emerge
- The influenza genomic secrets & vaccine development
- Antigen change: the cause of influenza pandemics
- The host mixing pot complicates vaccine design
- Flu vaccine developments
- Vaccines are not perfect… but they save lives
- Flu vaccine innovation: the age of mRNA
- Coronaviruses
- Coronaviruses: the family
- The CoV genomes and their cellular entry points
- SARS-CoV 2003: a serious but short-lived epidemic
- Searching for the origin of SARS-CoV 2003
- SARS1: a ‘not quite there’ vaccine
- Nonsemper erit aestas – MERS attack
- MERS-CoV: the virus is not confined
- MERS-CoV vaccine candidates: a stuttering path
- SARS-CoV-2: the darker side of coronaviridae
- SARS-CoV-2: the early events
- The origin of SARS-CoV-2: an enigma, in part
- SARS-CoV-2: towards a vaccine
- Summary of the COVID vaccine assault
- The problem of variant escape for vaccine development
- The detailed variant landscape: a vaccine challenge
- Hitting the virus when it lands!
- Vaccines are not perfect, can have side effects… but to repeat, they save lives
- Vaccines save more lives if access is global
- Some lessons!
- Thank you
Topics Covered
- Influenza: an ancient respiratory virus family
- Influenza evolving structure
- Antigen change: the cause of pandemics
- Influenza vaccine
- Immune response to vaccines
- The Coronaviruses and their recent history
- The CoV genome
- SARS-CoV 2003 a short-lived epidemic
- MERS-CoV 2012 attack
- SARS-CoV-2 2019 pandemic
- Vaccine development
Links
Series:
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Therapeutic Areas:
External Links
Talk Citation
Rees, A.R. (2023, June 15). The history of vaccines 3 [Video file]. In The Biomedical & Life Sciences Collection, Henry Stewart Talks. Retrieved December 8, 2024, from https://doi.org/10.69645/LRIL4928.Export Citation (RIS)
Publication History
Financial Disclosures
- Royalties paid by Elsevier on sales of History of Vaccines book.
The history of vaccines 3
Published on June 15, 2023
72 min
Other Talks in the Series: The Immune System - Key Concepts and Questions
Transcript
Please wait while the transcript is being prepared...
0:00
Hello, my name is Anthony Rees.
I'm a chemist,
turned biochemist.
I was a university lecturer in
molecular biophysics at
the University of Oxford,
and later Professor and Head of
Biochemistry at the
University of Bath.
My field of interest
is immunology
with a special interest
in antibodies.
Since 2012, I've been writing
about the history of antibodies
and more recently vaccines.
The lectures in this
three-part series
relate to the
history of vaccines.
In January of 2022,
last year, my book on
the history of vaccines
was published,
and it's from this book
that I've selected
a few examples of
pathogens that have afflicted
the human population
over thousands of years.
We'll look at some of
the early curative and
often crude measures
used before the advent of
modern medical technologies,
and in particular,
the seismic effect of
vaccines on preventing
human disease and
reducing mortality.
1:02
Welcome to the third and last in
this short series on the
history of vaccines.
Today we'll be looking at
influenza and coronaviruses.
1:12
As you can see on this slide,
I've said influenza, a
pathogenic chameleon.
You'll see why chameleon
as we move forward.
1:23
Influenza is an RNA virus,
but with a genome structure that
encourages what we call
strain diversification,
and with it, of course,
severe immunological
consequences.
It's a member of the
orthomyxoviridae family,
which includes seven genera.
Four types of influenza virus,
the A, B, C,
and D, which you
might have heard of,
and three types of
tick-borne viruses,
thogotovirus, quaranjavirus,
and isavirus.
The last one
infecting fish only.
Influenza A is the most
virulent and the B sub types,
they cause seasonal epidemics
of disease in many
parts of the world,
usually during winter, but
less severe than influenza A.
The C subtype type
infections generally cause
only a mild respiratory illness
and rarely if ever
cause epidemics.
While the D subtype
primarily affects cattle
and isn't known to
cause infection and
illness in the human population,
and we always have
to say as yet.
Emergence of novel influenza
A variant subtypes
has been the cause of a series
of intermittent
pandemics and epidemics
over the intervening years
since the notorious Spanish flu.
That was a pandemic
of 1918-1919,
which had something like
500 million cases or
morbidity of which 50-100
million deaths occurred.
Some of the key epidemics and
pandemics in recent times
have been the Asian flu in 1957,
where there were
1-2 million deaths,
the range, of course,
depending on data sources,
but less fatal in the elderly.
That was explained
by them having
residual immunity from
an 1989 epidemic.
The younger people, of course,
would not have had that.
The Hong Kong flu in 1968,
around one million deaths.
That had a high infection rate.
But it could have been
worse if not from
the residual immunity
from the 1957 virus.
There were two waves of
infection in the Hong Kong flu.
A bit later in 1977,
the Russian flu hit.
And this was a pseudo pandemic.
Pseudo because it only affected
mainly those less
than 25 years of
age with the older persons
already immune,
hence the pseudo.
I just maybe mention a
note that there have been
conspiracy theories on
this particular Russian flu
epidemic or pseudo pandemic,
that this was an escaped virus
from Chinese departures.
Something we'll be
talking about a
bit later with coronaviruses,
but of course not proven
for the Russian flu.
Then we have the swine
flu pandemic in 2009,
mitigated by the rapid
development of vaccines.
We'll have a bit more to
say about this later.