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Printable Handouts
Navigable Slide Index
- Introduction
- Venomous snakes and pathology of evenoming
- Antivenom is an effective treatment
- Antivenom is an effective treatment but snakebite still kills and maims thousands of the rural poor
- Why does snakebite still kill and maim thousands of the rural poor?
- Countries with highest snakebite mortality have lowest per capita expenditure on health
- Countries with highest snakebite mortality have lowest quality of life indices
- Snakebite – a disease of rural tropical poverty causing high mortality and permanent disability
- Awareness and support is urgently needed for victims
- Snake evenoming - Nigeria
- Snakes are difficult to see
- Subsistence farmers are at greatest risk from snakebite - on the feet, lower legs and hands
- Children are also a very high risk group
- Snakebite is in top 10 causes of hospital admissions in Ghana
- Snakebite is unavoidable in Savannah Nigeria
- Antivenom is lifesaving – so what caused cessation in antivenom supply to Africa?
- Antivenom fiscal situation in Africa resulted in a dangerous therapeutic vacuum
- EchiTab Study Group
- Kaltungo Hospital, Gombe State
- EchiTab Study Group antivenoms
- EchiTab Study Group evaluation
- Improving access to effective healthcare - Snakebite Emergency Response System (SERS)
- The African Snakebite Research Group
- SERS motorcycle ambulance
- Cost-effectiveness of SERS
- SERS Motorcycles and the SnakebiteAPP
- Research to improve the treatment of rural snakebite victims
- Snakebite tissue necrosis - disability, disfigurement and stigma
- Snakebite tissue necrosis - current treatment
- Snakebite tissue necrosis - researching a therapy
- Prolonged immunisation of camels and extraction of IgG
- Preclinical efficacy of 'native' VHH
- The issues to be addressed through research
- Key points
- Acknowledgements
Topics Covered
- The global disease burden of tropical snakebite
- Snakebite as a cause and consequence of tropical poverty
- The medical neglect of snakebite by key health policy decision makers
- The EchiTAb Study Group
- Research and interventions in rural, remote tropical regions
- The need for advocacy to implement sustained benefits for tropical snakebite victims
Talk Citation
Harrison, R. (2020, March 29). Tropical snakebite [Video file]. In The Biomedical & Life Sciences Collection, Henry Stewart Talks. Retrieved October 13, 2024, from https://doi.org/10.69645/JEPD3144.Export Citation (RIS)
Publication History
Financial Disclosures
- LSTM received funding from the Nigerian Federal Ministry of Health to coordinate all the activity conducted under the EchiTab Study Group project. Other research projects have been funded by UK MRC and the Wellcome Trust.
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Other Talks in the Series: Neglected Tropical Diseases
Transcript
Please wait while the transcript is being prepared...
0:00
Good morning. My name is Professor Rob Harrison at
the Center for Snakebite Research and Interventions
at the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine.
My HST talk is going to be on tropical snakebite.
In particular, I'd like to describe why snakebite is considered a
disease of the rural poor and our attempts to improve the treatment of snakebite.
0:24
It's important to understand as we start this talk,
that there are two main groups of snakes that are responsible for deaths and disability.
The first group are the elapids.
These consist of mambas,
cobras, crates, and so on.
They primarily cause a descending neuromuscular paralysis.
You see here a victim of a black mamba bite being unable to open their eyes,
ptosis, because of the paralysis of the muscles controlling the eyelids.
The other main group of medically important snakes are the vipers.
These include the true vipers and the pit vipers and rattlesnakes and so on.
They primarily cause a hemorrhagic and sometimes coagular perfect syndrome.
Here you can see an instance of someone envenomed by
a saw-scaled viper showing bleeding from the gums.
A classic manifestation of saw-scaled viper envenoming.
1:20
The next thing to understand is that antivenom can be
an effective treatment for both of those main conditions of snakebite.
Antivenom is manufactured using
a system that hasn't really changed much in the past 100 years.
We are still collecting venom from venomous snakes,
and then we're injecting that in subtoxic doses into horses or
sometimes sheep in tiny doses so that you generate
an antibody response without causing toxicity to the animals.
This is repeated sometimes for many, many years.
Here you can see that the blood is being drawn from a horse that's
been injected with venom to make antivenoms with our collaborators in Costa Rica.
The expensive part of the whole process is the next one
where you're purifying the immunoglobulin,
the IgG, from the whole blood,
and that is the drug that is antivenom.
Antivenom is the IgG extracted from hyper immunized horses or sheep.
It is, as I said, effective against the neurotoxic and
the hemotoxic effects of snakebite.