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Printable Handouts
Navigable Slide Index
- Introduction
- Virology and cancer biology
- There are seven well-recognized viruses associated with human tumors
- Are these really “cancer viruses”?
- 50 years of controversy
- The beginnings part 2
- But, we are getting ahead of ourselves…
- It took the world almost 50 years to accept this idea
- The chicken tumor that started it all
- The beginnings, part 2: mouse and monkey viruses
- RSV, the chicken virus with an RNA genome, did the same thing…
- The puzzling properties of “transformed” cells In the laboratory
- Viral transformation of cultured cells
- What happens to the viral genomes in transformed cells?
- Semantics note
- The route to understanding viral transformation of cells in culture and its relationship to cancer
- Consider the left side of the diagram
- Avian leukosis viruses (ALV) are endemic in virtually all chicken flocks
- ALV does cause disease!
- Rous Sarcoma Virus, RSV - What is it?
- Curiously, other rare cancers show up in ALV-infected birds as they age
- How does RSV, but not ALV cause sarcomas?
- The key finding was made in the 1970’s
- A major insight soon followed
- Genome maps of avian & mouse RNA tumor viruses
- Genome maps of avian & mouse transducing retroviruses
- These recombinant viral genomes did not carry precise copies of chicken or mouse genes
- Cell growth control genes (proto-oncogenes)
- Five major classes of cell growth control genes
- Subcellular location of major classes of cell growth control proteins
- Signal transduction pathways that regulate cell growth were defined initially by studying viral cell transformation
- Cellular growth control genes are under strict control, but can be “activated” in several ways
- Why is the property of being dominant important?
- Cell growth: the cell cycle (note the key control points)
- Mitogenic signals; it’s time to divide
- Why do only some retroviruses have the rare capacity to transform cells?
- All retroviruses are insertional mutagens
- Not all retroviruses are capable of transforming cells
- Three mechanisms by which some retroviruses cause tumors
- What about the two viruses that cause liver cancer?
- How do HBV and HCV cause liver cancer?
- Cancer formation is a byproduct of the virus life cycle as well as the organ they infect
- Complex virology is not easy to reproduce in culture
- We focused on the transforming retroviruses and some hepatitis viruses
Topics Covered
- Virology and cancer biology
- Modest subset of all viruses associated with cancer
- Viruses as initiators of oncogenesis by replication modes
- Cancer formation as a byproduct of virus life cycle
- Retroviruses and oncogenes
- Hepatitis viruses
Links
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Talk Citation
Enquist, L.W. (2020, November 30). Virology and cancer biology: the retroviruses and the discovery of oncogenes [Video file]. In The Biomedical & Life Sciences Collection, Henry Stewart Talks. Retrieved December 9, 2024, from https://doi.org/10.69645/EUUL7211.Export Citation (RIS)
Publication History
Financial Disclosures
- Lynn Enquist has no commercial/financial relationships to disclose.
Virology and cancer biology: the retroviruses and the discovery of oncogenes
Published on November 30, 2020
60 min
Other Talks in the Series: The Molecular Basis of Cancer
Transcript
Please wait while the transcript is being prepared...
0:00
Hello, my name is Lynn Enquist.
I'm a professor of molecular biology at Princeton University,
and today I'm going to talk to you about virology and cancer biology.
0:12
I've got a cartoon on the first slide here that basically shows
how a normal epithelial cell layer begins to change,
is transformed into these rapidly-growing cells,
and they move in to form what we would call a tumor or cancer.
Viral infections are a contributing factor in more than 20 percent of all human cancers.
In fact, viral infections are the major cause of liver and cervical cancer.
So today, I will discuss how fundamental virology paved
the way for many insights that form the basis of modern cancer biology.
0:50
There are seven well-recognized viruses associated with human tumors,
I've listed them here.
The human papillomaviruses are involved in causing cervical carcinoma.
There's Merkel cell polyomavirus which causes
a type of cancer called Merkel cell carcinoma.
There are herpes viruses, like Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
that causes B-cell lymphomas.
There's Kaposi's sarcoma-associated virus (KSHV)
that causes Kaposi's sarcoma, that
really came to our attention during the AIDS/HIV pandemic.
There's human T-cell lymphotropic virus 1
(HTLV1), which causes a very rare adult T-cell leukemia,
and then there are the viruses that cause hepatocellular carcinoma,
hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C (HCV).
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