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- General Virology
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1. Principles of virology
- Prof. Vincent Racaniello
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2. The type I interferon system and viruses
- Dr. Adolfo Garcia-Sastre
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3. Immune responses to viruses
- Prof. Paul Klenerman
- Emerging Pathogens
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4. Emerging or newly discovered viral causes of acute lower respiratory tract infections worldwide
- Dr. Marietjie Venter
- Mrs. Orienka Hellferscee
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5. Emerging respiratory viruses - discoveries between 2001 and 2005
- Prof. Ron Fouchier
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6. Usage of vaccines and therapeutics in public health emergencies 1
- Prof. Gary Kobinger
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7. Usage of vaccines and therapeutics in public health emergencies 2
- Prof. Gary Kobinger
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8. Influenza virus pandemics: past and future
- Prof. Peter Palese
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9. SARS-CoV and other emerging coronaviruses
- Prof. Ralph Baric
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10. Dengue, Zika and Chickungunya viruses
- Prof. Ana Fernandez-Sesma
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11. Paramyxoviruses: biology & pathogenesis
- Prof. Benhur Lee
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12. Antiviral drugs (non-HIV)
- Prof. Megan Shaw
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13. Biodefense challenges
- Dr. David Franz
- Important Pathogens and their Diseases
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14. Natural history and pathogenesis of herpes virus infections
- Prof. Richard Whitley
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15. Cytomegalovirus biology
- Prof. Domenico Tortorella
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16. Hepatitis C virus: discovery, cure and protection
- Dr. Matthew Evans
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17. Fundamentals of HIV biology
- Prof. Viviana Simon
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18. Measles
- Prof. Diane E. Griffin
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19. Monkeypox virus, vaccines, and therapeutics
- Prof. Rachel Roper
- New Frontiers
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22. Viruses as anticancer weapons
- Prof. Roberto Cattaneo
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23. Novel approaches to diagnosis of viral infections
- Prof. W. Ian Lipkin
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24. The Global Virus Network: collaboration to address pandemic and regional threats
- Prof. Sten H. Vermund
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25. Elite controllers of HIV: from discovery to future therapies
- Prof. Bruce Walker
- Archived Lectures *These may not cover the latest advances in the field
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26. Principles of virology I
- Prof. Richard Condit
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27. Principles of virology II
- Prof. Richard Condit
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28. Complex DNA viruses: herpes virus
- Dr. John Blaho
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29. Adeno-associated viruses (AAV)
- Prof. Kenneth Berns
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30. Poxviruses: smallpox (variola), vaccinia and monkeypox
- Prof. Paula Traktman
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31. Can HPV testing be the sole primary cervical screening modality?
- Prof. Jack Cuzick
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32. From viruses to oncolytics
- Prof. Roberto Cattaneo
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33. Non HIV antivirals
- Prof. Mary Klotman
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34. Gastroenteritis viruses
- Prof. Mary Estes
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35. Biodefense challenges
- Dr. Connie Schmaljohn
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37. The past, present and future of vaccination
- Prof. Stanley Plotkin
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38. Filoviruses
- Dr. Christopher Basler
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39. Bunyaviruses
- Prof. Richard Elliott
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40. The immunobiology of HIV
- Prof. Norman Letvin
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41. Hepatitis C and HCV
- Prof. Stanley Lemon
Printable Handouts
Navigable Slide Index
- Introduction
- Why do we need antiviral drugs?
- Approved antiviral drugs
- Why do we have so few non-HIV antiviral drugs?
- Some reasons
- Drug discovery and development
- Overview of approved antiviral drugs
- Antiviral targets and mechanisms
- Antiviral drug resistance
- Drug combinations are given to prevent resistance
- Hepatitis C virus
- HCV biology
- HCV genotypes
- A cure for HCV is now possible
- Current HCV drugs
- HCV protease inhibitors
- HCV polymerase inhibitors
- HCV NS5A inhibitors
- Hepatitis B virus
- HBV biology
- Treatment for chronic HBV
- Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors for HBV
- Herpesvirus infections
- Herpesvirus drugs
- All herpesvirus drugs are DNA chain terminators
- Influenza virus
- Approved antiviral drugs for influenza
- Influenza M2 ion channel inhibitors
- Influenza neuraminidase inhibitors
- Favipiravir targets the viral polymerase
- Resistance to influenza antivirals
- Broad-spectrum antivirals
- Diseases for which we need antivirals
- Thank you
Topics Covered
- Why do we need antiviral drugs?
- Overview of approved antiviral drugs
- Antiviral targets mechanisms and resistance
- Hepatitis C virus: biology and current drugs
- Hepatitis B virus: biology and treatments
- Herpesvirus drugs
- Influenza virus: approved drugs
- Broad-spectrum antivirals
- Diseases for which we need antivirals
Links
Series:
Categories:
Therapeutic Areas:
Talk Citation
Shaw, M. (2018, April 30). Antiviral drugs (non-HIV) [Video file]. In The Biomedical & Life Sciences Collection, Henry Stewart Talks. Retrieved December 6, 2024, from https://doi.org/10.69645/MMIS2948.Export Citation (RIS)
Publication History
Financial Disclosures
- Prof. Megan Shaw, Consulting Fees (e.g., advisory boards), Honoraria: Farmak
A selection of talks on Pharmaceutical Sciences
Transcript
Please wait while the transcript is being prepared...
0:00
Hello I'm Megan Shaw.
I'm from the Icahn School of medicine at Mount Sinai in New York.
I'm going to be talking to you today about
antiviral drugs, and specifically non-HIV antiviral drugs.
0:12
So why do we need antiviral drugs?
Antiviral drugs can stop the infection, after it has started i.e.,
they can be used therapeutically;
unlike vaccines which you use prophylactically.
Also drugs are important for viral diseases where preventable vaccines are unavailable.
Another reason is that drugs are important for
viral diseases, where vaccines may not always afford protection.
An example of this is the influenza virus,
which the vaccine has to be changed every year, and sometimes there's a mismatch; or
a new virus may emerge and there's not enough time to make
the vaccine; and therefore antiviral drugs become very important.
Finally drugs can be used as prophylaxis to prevent disease spread to close contact.
0:53
On this graph, there are illustrated
the drugs that have been approved for viral diseases until, the present day.
So right now we have
approximately 90 drugs approved to treat nine viral diseases in humans.
Some of these drugs I should note,
include antibodies and immunoglobulin therapy -
which I'm not going to cover in the lecture today.
But you will note that these drugs are dominated by HIV drugs.
So these take up the majority of the approved drugs that we have today.
We have had a number of drugs approved recently for HCV,
and this has dramatically changed the treatment of HCV patients.
I will be covering this in detail today.
1:34
Why do we have so few non-HIV antiviral drugs?
1:39
Some of the reasons include the following. Firstly
viruses only express a small number of proteins,
this is particularly true of RNA viruses which are very small.
Not all of these proteins can be inhibited by a compound -
because normally a drug of a protein is one that has an enzymatic function;
and a small virus may only encode one or maybe two of such proteins.
Each virus has unique proteins,
so drugs are normally very specific for that virus.
So one has to question sometimes,
is it worth it to go through the development process for such a rare disease?
Drugs must be potent, and they must
completely block virus growth, and they must also be safe,
not adversely affect the host.
Especially as drugs maybe given to healthy people for prophylaxis.
Also with acute infections,
the timing of drug administration is very
important; as it has to be given early to be beneficial.
This is because symptoms are often actually due to the immune response,
so the virus may not even be replicated by the time the patient feels ill.
It also relies on the availability of
rapid diagnostic test to know which drug to administer.
Finally the pharmaceutical industry has to consider potential market for the drug.
They tend to focus on viral diseases that are easily diagnosed;
cause chronic infections, so this means that
there's long term use of the drug; and finally
are widespread in developed countries, which would be able to afford the drug.
So this probably explains why the majority of our drugs are against HIV and HCV.