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Printable Handouts
Navigable Slide Index
- Introduction
- Outline
- Abbreviations used in this lecture
- Where do we find HIV infections?
- Estimated numbers of people living with HIV
- HIV-1 infections in the US
- Rates of persons living with HIV in the US (2016)
- 109,512 people living with HIV in NYC (2017)
- HIV prevalence is highest in distinct NYC neighborhoods
- Where does HIV come from?
- Origins of HIV-1 and HIV-2 (1)
- Origins of HIV-1 and HIV-2 (2)
- HIV-1 Group M viruses are highly variable
- Global distribution of HIV-1 subtypes and recombinants
- HIV transmission
- How does HIV cause AIDS and how do we treat it?
- HIV-1 infection results in a gradual destruction of the human immune system
- HIV continuously replicates throughout the infection
- HIV-1 Morphology
- The HIV genome is small: 3 structural and 6 accessory genes
- The HIV life cycle
- Unique features of retroviruses
- Principles of HAART
- HAART in 2018
- Pre- and post- exposure prophylaxis
- Access to HIV care is critical
- How does HIV enter the cell?
- HIV-1 comes in two “flavors”
- Overview of HIV entry
- Variation in CCR5 co-receptor gene
- Challenges with HIV neutralization
- HIV-1 Env binding to antibodies
- Broadly neutralizing antibodies bound to the HIV-1 Env trimer
- What about intracellular immune defenses?
- Host restriction factors
- Restriction factors target critical steps in the viral life cycle
- Restriction factors and the corresponding HIV antagonists
- Why is it a phenomenal challenge to cure HIV/AIDS?
- Why is it so difficult to purge HIV?
- HIV-1 quasi species: heterogeneity during the course of infection
- HIV-1 quasi species: selection of resistant variants (HAART, immune system)
- HIV reservoirs
- Clonal expansion contributes to HIV persistence
- Conclusions of this lecture
- Take home messages
- Thank you for your attention!
Topics Covered
- HIV infections worldwide and in USA
- Origins of HIV-1 and HIV-2
- HIV transmission
- HIV pathogenesis and treatment
- HIV-1 morphology
- The HIV genome
- The HIV life cycle
- Unique features of retroviruses
- Principles of HAART
- Prophylaxis
- HIV entrance into the cell
- Intracellular immune defenses
- The challenge to cure HIV/AIDS
Links
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Talk Citation
Simon, V. (2020, April 29). Fundamentals of HIV biology [Video file]. In The Biomedical & Life Sciences Collection, Henry Stewart Talks. Retrieved October 8, 2024, from https://doi.org/10.69645/DDQI6199.Export Citation (RIS)
Publication History
Financial Disclosures
- There are no commercial/financial matters to disclose.
A selection of talks on Immunology & Inflammation
Transcript
Please wait while the transcript is being prepared...
0:00
Hello and welcome to the lecture on the fundamentals of HIV biology.
My name is Viviana Simon.
I'm a professor of microbiology and
medicine at the Icahn School of Medicine in New York City.
I'm delighted to review with you what we currently know about HIV/AIDS disease.
0:20
I divided the lecture into three parts.
First, we will take a big picture view and discuss HIV epidemiology.
Next, we will zoom in and look at what happens in the infected person.
Lastly, we will close by discussing what HIV does at the cellular level.
I promise you at the end of the lecture,
you will have the answers to all those questions listed here on this slide.
0:48
I will use abbreviations in this lecture and I briefly want to review them with you.
We will talk about viruses, HIV-1, HIV-2,
which stands for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 or type 2.
We will talk about simian immunodeficiency viruses,
which are related to HIV-1 and HIV-2,
but are found in non-human primates.
From the host side,
we will talk about AIDS,
which stands for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
The treatment for HIV is highly active antiretroviral therapy, abbreviated HAART.
Throughout the talk, I might be saying HIV instead of HIV-1 for simplicity sake.
1:31
First big question, where do we find HIV infections?
1:37
Since the beginning of the epidemic 35 years ago,
more than 70 million people have been infected globally with HIV.
HIV infected people live all over the world.
Currently, it's estimated that over 36 million men,
women, and children live with HIV.
So majority of infected people live in Sub-Saharan Africa or India,
but HIV infected people are found all over the world and all five continents.