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Printable Handouts
Navigable Slide Index
- Introduction
- AITD
- Etiology of AITD - infection
- Epidemiological evidence
- Infection and AITD
- Molecular mimicry
- Bystander activation
- Etiology of AITD - iodine
- Iodine and AITD
- Iodine and AITD - mechanisms
- Etiology of AITD - stress
- Stress and Graves’ disease (GD)
- Etiology of AITD - smoking
- Smoking and AITD
- Smoking and AITD - summary
- Environmental risk factors for AITD
- Evidence for genetic susceptibility
- AITD cluster in families - Amsterdam cohort
- AITD cluster in families
- Genetic susceptibility to AITD
- Twin studies in AITD
- Methods for identifying complex disease genes
- Identifying susceptibility genes for diseases
- Gene susceptibility identification model
- Susceptibility genes identified in AITD
- Putative AITD susceptibility genes in Caucasians
- The immunological synapse
- HLA-DR in GD
- HLA associations in GD (caucasians)
- HLA-DR sequence variants association with GD
- Amino acid sequences of HLA-DR3 subtypes
- HLA-DR peptide binding groove
- Structure of the peptide binding groove
- Suggested mechanism
- HLA-DR summary
- The CTLA-4 gene in AITD (2q)
- Function of CTLA-5
- CTLA-4 studies in AITD (Caucasians)
- Which variant causes autoimmunity?
- These polymorphisms are in LD
- Functional studies
- Blocking CTLA-4 augments T-cell proliferation
- Genotype association with reduced CTLA-4
- Direct functional studies
- Causative polymorphism mapping
- CTLA-4 summary
- The CD40 gene in GD
- Function of CD40
- A new SNP in the Kozak sequence of CD40
- The CD40 Kozak SNP in GD
- Kozak sequences and translation
- Kozak SNP and CD40 translation
- In vitro transcription/translation assay for CD40
- CD40 surface expression on Rat2 cells
- CD40 expression on B cells
- FACS analysis of CD19+CD40+ purified B cells
- Higher cell surface expression of CD40
- Increased CD40 expression – where?
- Transgenic mice over-expressing CD40 on TFC
- Experimental autoimmune GD (EAGD)
- TRAb levels in EAGD mice
- Increase in T4 levels in EAGD mice
- CD40 expression induce or accelerate GD
- CD40 signaling pathways
- Canonical pathway activation
- Non-canonical pathway activation
- CD40 summary
- Development of AITD
Topics Covered
- Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD)
- Identification of AITD susceptibility genes
- Iodine and AITD
- MHC class II genes, CTLA-4, and CD40
- Sequencing efforts
- Environmental and genetic triggering factors of AITD
- Genetic studies and etiology of AITD
- Development of AITD