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Printable Handouts
Navigable Slide Index
- Introduction
- Phase II clinical trials
- Frequentist methods
- Randomized dose-ranging design
- Randomized dose-ranging design conditions
- Controlled titration design
- Controlled titration design example
- Controlled titration design - placebo
- Gehan’s design
- Gehan’s design group size
- Gehan’s design limitations
- Fleming’s design
- Fleming’s design progression
- Fleming’s design example
- Two-stage phase II clinical trials
- Simon’s optimal and minimax designs
- Simon’s designs null hypothesis
- Simon’s designs parameters
- Simon’s designs first step
- Simon’s designs second and third steps
- Simon’s designs fourth step
- Simon’s designs final steps
- Simon’s designs example
- Balanced design
- Balanced design examples
- Optimal three-stage design
- Sargent’s design for correlated observations
- Bryant and Day design
- Thall and Cheng design
Topics Covered
- Frequentist methods
- Non-adaptive trial design
- Single stage single outcome design
- Randomized dose-ranging design
- Controlled titration design
- Adaptive trial designs
- Single outcome multi-stage designs
- Multiple outcomes multi-stage design
Talk Citation
Ye, F. (2018, July 31). Phase II clinical trials - traditional approaches [Video file]. In The Biomedical & Life Sciences Collection, Henry Stewart Talks. Retrieved November 7, 2024, from https://doi.org/10.69645/VVUO4905.Export Citation (RIS)
Publication History
Financial Disclosures
- Prof. Fei Ye has not informed HSTalks of any commercial/financial relationship that it is appropriate to disclose.
Phase II clinical trials - traditional approaches
Published on July 31, 2018
34 min
Other Talks in the Series: Adaptive Clinical Trial Design
Transcript
Please wait while the transcript is being prepared...
0:00
Hello my name is Fei Ye,
I'm a faculty member from Vanderbilt University Medical Center.
This is an introductory lecture on phase II clinical trial designs.
In this lecture I will introduce some traditional methods which are
based on Frequentist approach in designing a phase II clinical trial.
0:20
Suppose we have already established
a reasonably safe targeted dose or a series of doses from phase I trials.
Then the next step is to see if
the hazard treatment has any efficacy or biological activity.
The overall objective of a phase II clinical trial
is to evaluate both efficacy and safety.
We would like not only to continue to monitor safety for things like toxicity,
adverse effects and other risks as we usually do in phase I trials,
but also to find out how well the treatment actually works.
Phase II trials are often single arm but it can also be
controlled with a standard treatment arm or a placebo arm.
Phase II trials can be single stage or have
multiple stages and the sample size typically ranges between 20 and 200.
1:17
A phase II trial,
can be designed using a Frequentist approach or a Bayesian approach.
Until today, most of the phase II trials that
have been proved and conducted used a Frequentist method.
Although in recent years the number of Bayesian trials has been increasing very rapidly.
I'll talk about Bayesian trials a bit later
and for now let's focus on Frequentist designs.
Frequentist designs can be further categorized to non-adaptive and adaptive trials.
In each category, we have a number of designs that I would like to cover today.
They differ either in number of stage,
number of outcomes, number of arms, et cetera.
The goal of phase II trial from a statistical point of
view is to estimate the treatment effect,
in other words, the efficacy of the treatment.
We not only calculate the point estimate with the Frequentist approach,
we also provide the level of certainty about
that point estimate by constructing confidence intervals usually.
For example, we can calculate the proportion of patients who
had either a complete response or partial response to be,
say 35 percent and then we can calculate
the 95 percent confidence interval to be, say, from 15 percent to 53 percent.
So, basically we are saying that we are 95 percent confident
that the true response rate is between 15 percent and 53 percent.
Now, that's quite a wide confidence interval,
this will be very different from observing the same response rate of 35 percent
but with a much narrower confidence interval say, from 33 percent to 38 percent.
With the latter we are much more certain about our estimation of the response rate which is
again 35 percent and that level of precision depends on a number of things.
First one's, sample size, second is,
level of significance or type one error rate and also type
two error rate or power and also the amount of variation in the data.
We always need to plan for the sample size that is,
a sufficient minimum sample size required in a Frequentist trial,
at the planning stage of a trial.
Even for adaptive trials where we allow sample size adjustments,
we're still needed to pre-specify adaptation rules at the planning stage.
Now, the sufficient minimum samples has again
depends on four things: type one error rate, power,
the amount of the variation in the data or standard deviation or variance,
and the minimum effect size that you would like to detect,
and that is very clinically meaningful to you.
And as we know the smaller type one error rate you have,
the more patients you need to enroll.
The greater power you want your study to achieve,
the larger sample size you need and the larger amount of variation in the data,
in other words, more noise in your data
then the more patients you would also need to recruit.
And the last thing is the smaller difference you want to detect,
you will also need a larger sample size.
And all the above is that when everything else is being fixed of course.