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I am Kim Lewis, Professor of Biology
at the Department of Biology at Northeastern University in Boston.
I'm also director of Antimicrobial Discovery Center,
and I will be telling you today about
teixobactin, a new antibiotic that we discovered,
and how teixobactin kills pathogens without detectible resistance.
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So I'd like to place our finding into the general context
of what is happening in the field of antimicrobial discovery,
and I will also spend some time explaining how we got the compound.
So I'll tell you about our discovery platform.
But let me start indeed with where we are with antibiotic discovery.
We once had a golden era of antibiotic discovery.
As you see here from approximately the 40s and through
the 60s, the major classes of antibiotics have been discovered,
and most of them came from mining of soil microorganisms.
That platform was developed by Selman Waksman of Rutgers University
who essentially elaborated on the original finding of
Fleming discovered penicillin.
So Fleming's case, there was a Petri dish with staph bacteria on it
that was left carelessly opened, and a spore of a fungus,
a penicillin fungus settled on that Petri dish,
and Fleming when he came to work the next day,
he discovered that there was a zone of growth inhibition
around the cone of the growing fungus.
So that was the beginning of the discovery of penicillin.
So when Waksman decided to elaborate on that,
he systematically screened soil bacteria,
primarily streptomycetes, that he was working on
for their ability to inhibit growth of bacteria.
An extremely simple method and extremely powerful,
he got a Nobel Prize both for the method and for the discovery of Streptomycin,
the first antibiotic capable of treating tuberculosis.
And then suddenly something happened
in the early '70s.
It looks like somebody turned off our ability to discover new compounds.
The most effort resulted in rediscovery of things like penicillin and streptomycin.
So then it became apparent that the soiled microorganisms
that Waksman and others had been working on
is a very limited resource, only about 1% of microorganisms from
any external environment are going to grow in our Petri dishes.
The rest are uncultured,
so 99% of the enormous diversity on the planet
are uncultured microorganisms.
It's a fascinating paradox.
So then looking back at our timeline,
then there is a gap when nothing is happening, and then
the last decade, a number of new compounds and classes
have been introduced, so it looks like
we are getting back in the game.
That, however, is an illusion.
If you replot this graph not by year of introduction
of compound, but by year of discovery,
what you will notice is that these new discoveries
actually collapse back to the golden era,
these are compounds that were discovered a long time ago,
didn't seem very promising, and were dropped.
And now, we are resuscitating them because we don't have anything better.
So that is where we are.
