G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs)

This overview addresses G protein coupled receptors, GPCRs, with particular emphasis on the fundamental structure and function of G protein coupled receptors and how they mediate cellular communication in response to diverse stimuli. We will examine GPCR activation, downstream signaling pathways, and the amplification of cellular responses. The lecture will also highlight the physiological roles of GPCRs in various organ systems and their relevance to human disease. Finally, we will discuss their significance as major drug targets and recent advances in GPCR therapeutic research. G protein coupled receptors or GPCRs are the largest and most versatile family of membrane proteins in human physiology. These proteins respond to a wide array of stimuli from photons in the eye to small molecules, peptides and proteins, acting as molecular gatekeepers for cellular communication. Their hallmark is a seven pass transmembrane structure known as seven TM, which relays information from outside to inside the cell. GPCRs are essential in processes like vision, smell, mood, and immunity, making them vital therapeutic targets. GPCRs are activated when an external signal or ligand binds to their extracellular or transmembrane binding pocket. Depending on the receptor, this ligand could be a neurotransmitter, hormone, or sensory input, like light or odorants. Ligand binding causes a conformational change,