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Printable Handouts
Navigable Slide Index
- Introduction
- Outline
- The resistance problem
- How antibiotic resistance happens
- What the agriculture sector can do
- Types of pesticide
- Evolution of fungicide resistance
- Evolution of resistance
- Heritable variation in resistance
- Resistance changes since 1960
- Monitoring resistance
- EC50 and MIC
- Pesticide cross-resistance
- Frequency of resistance
- Resistance in different locations
- Lab tests for resistance
- Molecular diagnostics
- Tracing history of pathogen resistance
- Sampling technologies
- Molecular mechanisms
- Mutated target site
- Overexpressed target site
- Efflux pumps
- Detoxification
- Mode of action studies
- Pesticide grouping
- Finding the resistance mechanism
- DNA sequencing
- Resistance and sensitive isolates
- Resistance mechanisms in the field
- Anticipating resistance
- Evolutionary drivers (1)
- Evolutionary drivers (2)
- Origins of resistance in particular places
- MBC fungicides
- Mutations in the field
- Fitness costs (1)
- Fitness costs (2)
- Experimental evolution
- Practical solutions
- Informing new pesticide discovery
- Integrated pest management
- Combining pesticides with resistant crops
- Control methods
- New tools on the horizon
- The "one health" approach
- Ongoing research areas (1)
- Ongoing research areas (2)
Topics Covered
- Crop protection against pests, pathogens and weeds to feed a growing world population
- High adaptability of pest species and their evolving resistance to many crop protection tools
- Monitoring the emergence and spread of resistance and using new molecular diagnostics to detect problems earlier and more precisely
- The importance of knowing the molecular mechanism of resistance to design diagnostics and to develop management guidelines
- Understanding the underlying evolutionary processes to better inform management guidelines
- Practical resistance management guidelines
Links
Categories:
External Links
Talk Citation
Hawkins, N.J. (2019, December 31). The evolution of resistance to pesticides [Video file]. In The Biomedical & Life Sciences Collection, Henry Stewart Talks. Retrieved October 12, 2024, from https://doi.org/10.69645/EIKS4030.Export Citation (RIS)
Publication History
Financial Disclosures
- There are no commercial/financial matters to disclose.
A selection of talks on Plant & Animal Sciences
Transcript
Please wait while the transcript is being prepared...
0:00
I'm Nichola Hawkins from Rothamsted Research,
and I'm going to be talking about the evolution of
pesticide resistance in crop protection.
My own research focuses on fungicide resistance in plant pathogens,
but there are a lot of common themes across pesticide groups.
0:17
I'll start by introducing the problem of resistance,
then talk about research, monitoring resistance,
identifying the molecular mechanisms of resistance,
and investigating the underlying evolutionary biology leading to resistance.
0:33
This is growing public awareness now of the threat posed
to human health by antibiotic resistance in medicine.
The superbug MRSA has a death rate of two-thirds
higher than drug-sensitive staphylococcus infections.
Drug-resistant E. coli has double the death rates of sensitive types,
and nearly half a million cases of
drug-resistant TB have been reported globally within one year.
0:56
Resistance evolves when genetic variation in a population of
microbes includes differences in antibiotic sensitivity.
When an antibiotic is used,
the most sensitive bacteria will kill at a higher rate than the resistant bacteria.
Then, when the surviving bacteria reproduce,
more of them will pass on the resistance genes to their offspring.
So, an increasing proportion of the population will be resistant.
The resistance threat extends beyond antibiotics.
We see a similar situation for other biocidal drugs:
antivirals and antiretrovirals, antifungals, and antiparasitics.
We see malarial parasites resistant to antimalarials,
but also mosquitoes resistance to the insecticides used in vector control;
also, the evolution of anticancer drug resistance
where resistant mutants are selected at the cellular level.