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Printable Handouts
Navigable Slide Index
- Introduction
- Two major questions
- Genetic tools
- Advantage of uniparental markers
- Limitations of uniparental genetic systems
- Who are the ancestors of modern Europeans?
- Neanderthals are not our ancestors
- Homo neanderthalensis
- Location of Neanderthal remains
- Homo neanderthalensis: questions
- Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
- Human mtDNA genome
- Skeletal remains first analyzed for mtDNA variation
- Neanderthal mtDNA and modern mtDNA
- The recent African genesis of humans
- Origin of modern humans
- When did modern humans arrive in Europe?
- Homo sapiens paleoanthropological data
- Dispersal of modern humans in Eurasia
- What about the genetic evidence?
- mtDNA genetics
- Maternal inheritance and lack of recombination
- What is a mtDNA haplogroup?
- The mtDNA process of molecular differentiation
- Molecular approach to determine mtDNA variation
- Worldwide mtDNA phylogeny
- Out of Africa dispersal
- Paleoenvironmental evidence
- Temperature change over the last 150 ky (1)
- Out of Africa and back again?
- Spatial frequency map of M1
- Spatial frequency map of U6
- Levantine early upper paleolithic in Africa
- Phylogeny of M1
- Phylogeny of U6
- Conclusions about M1 and U6
- Overall scenario - migration to Africa and Europe
- What is U5?
- Haplogroup U in the worldwide mtDNA phylogeny
- The numerous clade within haplogroup U
- What occurred within Europe while U5 arrived?
- "Classical" genetic markers
- Principal component analysis (PCA)
- First PC
- Second PC
- Third PC
- mtDNA data: alternative explanation in the 2nd PC
- PCA of mtDNA haplogroup profiles
- Haplogroup H in the worldwide mtDNA phylogeny
- Glacial refuge - source for the European gene pool
- Phylogeny of H
- Spatial frequency maps
- Spatial frequency map of V
- Haplogroup V in the worldwide mtDNA phylogeny
- Coalescence ages of H1, H3 and V
- Temperature change over the last 150 ky (2)
- Conclusion about Franco-Cantabrian refuge area
- mtDNA reveals unexpected population links
- Phylogeny of U
- Subhaplogroup U5b1b
- Current location of populations harboring U5b1b
- Saami
- Berbers
- Population distribution of U5b1b
- Conclusion about U5b1b
- Major role played by glacier refuge areas at LGM
- Y-chromosome haplogroups in Europe
- Refuge for Y-chromosome haplogroups
- Ancient DNA from the first European farmers
- N1a in the worldwide mtDNA phylogeny
- Results leading to a dead end
- More recent events of gene flow in Europe
- The Etruscans: a paradigmatic example
- The Etruscan culture and language
- No evidence that Etruscan gene pool has vanished
- Partially retained ancestral gene pool in Tuscany
- Tuscan populations
- Technical approach
- MtDNA tree of modern Tuscans
- Power of mtDNA in discriminating populations
- Placement of Murlo
- Mitochondrial haplogroups spatial frequency maps
- Haplotypes shared with Near Eastern populations
- In brief...
- Conclusion about Etruscan
- Microgeographic data: origin of Sardinians
- Phylogeny of M2
- Major implication
- Summary
Topics Covered
- Origin of modern Europeans
- Genetic tools
- Neanderthal vs. modern humans
- Complete mitochondrial DNA sequences: new data on the early events after the Out of Africa exit
- Paleolithic vs. Neolithic origin of the European gene pool
- Expansions from glacial refugia after the Last Glacial Maximum
- Unexpected genetic links between modern populations: the case of the Saami and Berbers
- Population studies at the microgeographic level: the paradigmatic case of the Etruscans
Talk Citation
Torroni, A. (2007, October 1). Historical and geographical genetic variation: Europe [Video file]. In The Biomedical & Life Sciences Collection, Henry Stewart Talks. Retrieved December 7, 2024, from https://doi.org/10.69645/MLPS1326.Export Citation (RIS)
Publication History
Financial Disclosures
- Prof. Antonio Torroni has not informed HSTalks of any commercial/financial relationship that it is appropriate to disclose.