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Printable Handouts
Navigable Slide Index
- Introduction
- The raw material
- Scope of this talk
- The human genome
- Genetic variation
- SNPs and microsatellites
- Technology has driven genetic variation studies
- Modes of inheritance
- Genotypes, haplotypes, effect of recombination
- Human genomes: all human
- Human genomes: all different
- Distribution of genetic diversity
- What defines a population?
- Key human sample collections
- Human population genetics can be controversial
- The ‘forces of evolution’ affect genetic diversity
- Models for the origins of modern humans
- Early events and human genetic diversity
- The picture of diversity from WGS
- Distance from E. Africa and human DNA diversity
- Diversity gradient reflects a serial founder effect
- mtDNA and Y phylogenetic trees
- Genetic structure of human populations
- Neanderthal mtDNA suggests…
- Neanderthals did interbreed with humans
- Another new arrival: the Denisovan
- Migration necessitated human adaptation
- Distribution of pigmentation differences
- MC1R – purifying selection
- SLC24A5 - positive selection for depigmentation
- Adaptation to high altitude
- Positive selection at the EPAS1 gene
- EPAS1: adaptive consequence
- Later colonisations and migrations
- Mapping human migrations
- Genetic drift in small populations
- ‘Transnational isolates’
- Jewish populations
- Genetic structure of Jewish populations
- European Romani
- Genetic structure of European Romani
- Sex-biased admixture
- Geographical differentiation of mtDNA
- Geographical differentiation of Y haplotypes
- Sex-biased admixture in diasporan populations
- Genetics and other disciplines
- summary
- Thanks
Topics Covered
- The human genome and human genetic variation
- The distribution of genetic diversity
- Migration out of Africa
- Interbreeding with archaic humans
- Examples of genetic adaptation
- Later expansions and migrations
- The importance of interdisciplinary research
Talk Citation
Jobling, M. (2024, July 21). An overview of human migrations [Video file]. In The Biomedical & Life Sciences Collection, Henry Stewart Talks. Retrieved December 7, 2024, from https://doi.org/10.69645/VOCB2548.Export Citation (RIS)
Publication History
Financial Disclosures
- Prof. Mark Jobling has not informed HSTalks of any commercial/financial relationship that it is appropriate to disclose.
Other Talks in the Series: Human Population Genetics II
Transcript
Please wait while the transcript is being prepared...
0:00
Hello, and welcome to this talk.
I'm Mark Jobling, a professor
in the Department of Genetics
at the University of Leicester, UK.
The purpose of this talk is
to give you a broad overview
of human migrations and
to touch on a number
of topics that will be covered in
more depth elsewhere in the course.
I hope to provide a taster,
and to inspire your interest
in human population genetics.
There are 7 billion of
us humans living in most
of the habitable area of our planet,
from hot deserts to icy tundra,
from low-lying plains to
high mountain plateaus
and tiny, isolated islands
to large cities with millions
of cosmopolitan inhabitants.
We show a lot of
phenotypic diversity.
This includes obvious differences,
such as hair, skin, and eye color,
height and body
proportions, and less
obvious ones involving
dietary tolerances
and disease susceptibilities.
How can genetics
contribute to understanding
how this situation came about?
Studying human population history
charms with our natural interest
in our origins, but it also has
practical uses in understanding
the distribution of disease alleles
and the origins and significance
of phenotypic differences.
1:05
The raw material we need for this
genetic study of human migrations
is genome variation data.
As we'll see, this is now
technically quite easy to obtain.
We also need DNA samples from
current human populations.
Sometimes these can be more tricky.
Thanks to technological advances, we
can now also combine these with DNA
from ancient human remains.
Finally, we need models for
mutation processes and models
for demographic change in
populations that allow us to do
statistical and
computational analysis
and to interpret the
data in a useful way.
1:39
During this talk I will go
through some of these issues.
I'll start by simply describing the
human genome and genetic variation
and say how diversity
is distributed globally.
I'll discuss the genetic
evidence for a recent origin
of modern humans in
sub-Saharan Africa
and describe the exciting
finding that
there was interbreeding between
anatomically modern humans
and archaic humans.
During the occupation
of new territories,
genetic adaptations
were important,
and I will give some examples of these.
Later migrations have had profound effects on particular parts
of the world and I will summarize some of these, too.
Finally, I will point
to the importance
of interdisciplinary
work in this field.
Geneticists cannot work alone.