0:00
Hi.
Welcome to the Henry Stewart
talks on population genetics.
Today, we're going to talk about
patterns of genetic variation
and admixture in Latin America.
My name is Andres Moreno-Estrada.
And I'm a research
associate in the Bustamante
Lab at Stanford Center
for Computational,
Evolutionary, and Human Genomics.
0:17
In the first slide, you will
see an outline of the subject
that we'll be covering today.
After an introduction, I will talk
about patterns of genetic diversity
in Mexico, and then
the Caribbean region,
and finally a little bit about
South American population structure.
0:32
To start, I would like to
refer to this milestone
that everybody is familiar with.
The sequencing of the human genome
took place almost 50 years ago now,
and after that, a huge
amount of research
has been going on in
genomics in general.
And in our case, as in many
other fields within genomics,
I think this has been one
of the greatest motivations
to start studying the
diversity of the human genome.
So this is, of course,
the reference genome.
But after that, many,
many other genomes
have been sequenced, human
and non-human, for example.
1:05
If we see a curve of the sequencing
costs that have been occurring
in the past 15 years, we see
a dramatic drop, as discussed,
as the technologies have advanced.
After the introduction of the
next-generation sequencing platform
around 2008, we see a clear drop in
sequencing costs, which has allowed
the volume of data being
generated by these patterns
to increase more and more.
1:30
So for example, one of the most
popular platforms for sequencing
is the so-called high throughput
sequencing platform machines.
As we can see in this
diagram, we start
from DNA extracted from cells.
And then we put them in flow
cells, which basically sequence
in parallel thousands and
millions of reads that then
gets inputted into the machine.
And then we can read out the data.
It's not all about sequencing.
Actually, the fact of
sequencing new genomes
allows us to detect
variance that are actually
the positions that we care about.
And finally, also,
some other technologies
have been developed to only
analyze that set of positions
of the genome, which is
a case of the technology
