Stroke and cerebrovascular accidents

This overview addresses stroke and cerebrovascular accidents with particular emphasis on the definition, causes, and risk factors of stroke, distinguishing between ischemic and hemorrhagic types. We will discuss the clinical signs and importance of early recognition, as well as the essential diagnostic steps for stroke assessment. The lecture will also address treatment options tailored to stroke type and the critical role of rehabilitation and secondary prevention in maximizing patient recovery. Stroke, also known as a cerebrovascular accident or CVA, remains a critical health concern worldwide and is a leading cause of death and long term disability. It occurs when blood flow to part of the brain is interrupted, depriving brain cells of oxygen and nutrients. This can quickly lead to cell death and sudden loss of function. Stroke risk is linked to factors like high blood pressure, diabetes, smoking, obesity, and atrial fibrillation. Recognizing the signs and types of stroke ensures prompt intervention and better outcomes. There are two main types of stroke, ischemic and hemorrhagic. Ischemic stroke, making up about 85% of cases is caused by a blockage or clot in a cerebral artery, either from thrombosis or embolism. Hemorrhagic strokes involve bleeding within or around the brain, typically from ruptured blood vessels linked to hypertension, aneurysms, or vascular malformations. Major risk factors include high blood pressure, smoking, high cholesterol and cardiac issues.