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1. Introduction
2. The author
3. Vitamin E structure: the different tocopherols
4. Antioxidants with different biological functions
5. The discovery of vitamin E
6. The antioxidant function of vitamin E
7. Recycling of vitamin E
8. Problems of interpretation
9. Tocopherol transfer protein (TTP)
10. Unique uptake of alpha-tocopherol
11. Inhibition of protein kinase C by tocopherol
12. Ed Fisher: discovery of protein phosphorylation
13. Nishizuka and protein kinase C
14. PKC inhibition by different tocopherols
15. Phosphatase activation and PKC inhibition
16. Different effects of alpha and beta tocopherols
17. Inhibition of NADPH-oxidase assembly
18. Inhibition of CD36 gene transcription
19. Uptake of oxidized LDL is inhibited by tocopherol
20. A number of genes are regulated by tocopherol
21. Structure of tocopherol associated protein (TAP)
22. Specificity of alpha-tocopherol binding to TAP
23. TAP has GTPase activity
24. Tocopherol and PI3 kinase
25. The PI3 kinase and PKC regulation system
26. Protection of vitamin against radicals
27. A scheme of molecular events in atherogenesis
28. The contradictory results of population studies
29. Protection of tocopherol against cancer
30. Several pathologies are prevented by vitamin E
31. Vitamin E in animal studies
32. Tocopheryl phosphate is a natural molecule
33. Tocopheryl phosphate is synthesized in cells
34. No cytotoxicity of tocopheryl phosphate
35. Tocopheryl phosphate and atherogenesis
36. Inhibition of superoxide production
37. Inhibition of CD36 expression
38. Tocopheryl phosphate inhibits cell proliferation
39. Tocopheryl phosphate conversion to tocopherol
40. Tocopherol uptake by cells
41. The structure of glybenclamide
42. Glybenclamide and tocopherylphosphate uptake
43. Effect of glybenclamide on cell proliferation
44. Molecular effects of tocopheryl phosphate
45. Diet TP is not converted to tocopherol
46. Tocopheryl phosphate vs. tocopheryl acetate
47. Tocopherol and tocopheryl phosphate action
48. Thank you

Topics Covered

• Vitamin E or tocopherol's physiological molecular mechanism helps to understand protection against disease
• Not an antioxidant or free radical quencher, they perform cell signaling by affecting protein phosphorylation (for instance protein kinase C and PI3 kinase)
• They can be phosphorylated to more potent species, the tocopheryl phosphates
• Tocopheryl phosphates protect, in animal models against atherosclerosis

Links

Series:

• Free Radicals and the Oxygen Paradox

Categories:

• Biochemistry
• Cell Biology

Therapeutic Areas:

• Cardiovascular & Metabolic

Talk Citation

Publication History

• Published on November 1, 2007
• Reviewed on October 21, 2017
• Archived on May 28, 2025

Financial Disclosures

• Prof. Angelo Azzi has not informed HSTalks of any commercial/financial relationship that it is appropriate to disclose.