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Hello everyone, I am Prof.
Timir Tripathi working as
a Professor of Molecular Biology
in the Department of Zoology in
the North-Eastern Hill
University, Shillong, India.
Today I will be speaking on
novel and recent emerging
adjuvants for vaccines.
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Recent advances in
vaccine development in
the post-genomic era
have facilitated
the design of vaccines
that are highly pure,
safe, and simple in design.
While naturally, the
vaccine provokes
immune responses
against pathogens,
those vaccines which
contain antigens with
low immunogenicity often exhibit
poor immunogenicity
or immune response.
Most vaccine candidates,
currently, those are in
clinical development.
They consist of highly purified
proteins and peptides.
These molecules frequently
have less immunogenicity,
therefore immunological
adjuvants or immune stimulants
are necessary to enhance or
direct the immune responses.
The adjuvants are
substances that are
co-administered with vaccine to
augment the immune
potency of an antigen.
They are known to increase
functional antibody titers
and the frequency of
effector T cells.
Adjuvants also enable the
reduction of antigen dose,
they induce rapid
protective responses,
and enhance the persistence
of B and T cells.
Adjuvants offer several
additional benefits,
such as overcoming immune
senescence in older adults,
extending vaccine memory,
broadening the
antibody repertoire
and this is both in terms of
response magnitude as
well as functionality,
enabling dose pairing,
and enhancing effective
T cell responses.
Generally, adjuvants perform
two main immunological
functions.
First, they act as
immune stimulants
and these adjuvants directly
act on the immune system
to improve immune
responses to antigens.
Second, vaccine
delivery carriers.
These include:
emulsions, liposomes,
virosomes, some
virus-like particles,
VLPs, polymeric
nanoparticle adjuvants,
and lipid-based
nanoparticle adjuvants.
They accurately deliver and
present vaccine antigens to
antigen-presenting cells
in a controlled manner
and quickly thereby
enhancing and/or inducing
antigen-specific
immune responses.
