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Hi, I'm Essam Abdelalim,
senior scientist at
Qatar Biomedical Research
Institute and associate
professor at College of
Health and Life Sciences
at HBKU University,
Qatar Foundation, Qatar.
Today I'm going to talk about
human pluripotent stem cells as
a platform for precision
medicine in diabetes.
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Diabetes regardless of
the type of diabetes,
we know that the
problem in case of
diabetes is pancreatic
beta cells which
exist in the endocrine pancreas,
those cells secrete insulin.
We have different
types of diabetes.
We know about type
one and type two
that are the most common
types of diabetes.
Type one represent around 5%
of diabetic patients suffer
from type one and mainly
happened during early age,
mainly in children.
In case of type two,
which represent the most
common form of diabetes.
More than 90% of patients
suffer from type two,
which is mainly genetic.
Mainly happened during,
after 30 or 40 years old.
The cell type, it's monogenic,
it's due to defect in
the single gene and they
represent around or
less than 2% worldwide.
The fourth one is called
gestational diabetes,
or temporary, and
disappear after pregnancy.
To be able to use stem cells
for a different
type of diabetes,
we need to understand what are
the types of cells involved
within an age problem.
In case of type one,
patients suffer from or
develop has a problem
in auto-immune defect,
which is his immune cells or
her immune cells attack the
pancreas to kill beta cells.
The patient loose all beta
cells or most of beta cells,
and this will lead to there is
no insulin secretion in response
to different concentration
of glucose in the blood.
The second type is
totally different.
It has nothing to do
with the immune system,
it is mainly genetic and
the patients suffer from
something called the
insular resistance
in the tissues
several years before the
development of the disease.
This insular resistance happen
mainly in skeletal muscle,
liver cells, and adipose tissue.
Insular resistance there
those tissues that mainly use
the glucose from the blood
or store glucose from the blood,
cannot use stored glucose
because of insulin.
They cannot use insulin which
is secreted from the pancreas.
Then the pancreas start to see
that high level of
glucose in the blood and
beta cells starts to secrete
more and more insulin and
become dysfunctional
with a time.
Insular resistant
mainly happened
like even 10 or more than 10,
15, 20 years before the
development of disease.
The cell type it's monogenic,
as I mentioned, it's a problem.
It's one single gene
defect, mutation or defect.
Here, what happened it
depends on the type of gene
or the name of the gene.
If the gene transcription
factor involved
in the development of the
pancreatic beta cells.
Maybe the patients suffer from
developmental defect
in the beta which
secrete insulin other types
of genes may lead to
beta cell dysfunction.
And maybe also other
type everything is okay
but impairment in
insulin secretion
that you have beta cells,
everything is normal
but insulin is not
secreted from the beta cells and
also in some cases
we see patients
they don't have even
pancreas was called
pancreatic hypoplasia or
agenesis due to defect in one
gene. All of different types
of diabetes can lead
to complications
as all of us know.
How we can use
stem cells or cell therapy
for 2, 3 diabetes?
This is what we'll know.
