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Printable Handouts
Navigable Slide Index
- Introduction
- Differences in immune responses
- How does the immune system fight HIV?
- Why don’t antibodies eliminate infection? (1)
- Why don’t antibodies eliminate infection? (2)
- Why don’t antibodies eliminate infection? (3)
- Influenza variation compared to HIV variation
- Why don’t antibodies eliminate infection? (4)
- Affinity maturation of HIV-specific antibodies
- Obstacles to an HIV vaccine
- Why don’t antibodies eliminate infection? (5)
- How else does the body fight HIV? (1)
- How do CD8+ T cells recognize/kill infected cells?
- The factory worker analogy
- Learning from patients
- Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS)
- Spontaneous control of HIV infection: Why?
- The International HIV Controllers Study
- Genome-wide association study (GWAS)
- Are there clues from host genetics?
- Variations in Chr6 associate with viral load
- GWAS points to the HIV peptide binding groove
- Why don’t killer cells eliminate infection?
- HLA differ in the peptide binding groove
- Immune pressure leads to escape mutations
- Learning from patients in KZN
- Gag-specific killer cell response
- Env-specific killer cell response
- Why would it matter what is targeted?
- HIV capsid is particularly vulnerable to mutations
- Why don’t killer cells eliminate infection?
- How else does the body fight HIV? (2)
- HIV-specific CD4+ T cells (helper cells)
- Conclusions: HIV is a retrovirus
- HIV is an infection of the human immune system
- HIV is a life-long infection of the immune system
- Progressive depletion of CD4 cells
- Responses are induced but partially effective
- Variation leads to escape from antibodies
- Variation leads to escape from HIV-specific T cells
- Some people are able to naturally control HIV
- Promising vaccine candidates are being tested
Topics Covered
- The role of B cells in HIV infections
- The role of CD4 T cells in HIV infection
- The role of CD8 T cells in HIV infection
- Mechanisms of immune escape
- Challenges to vaccine development
- Prospects for an HIV cure
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Talk Citation
Walker, B. (2019, August 29). How HIV causes disease 2: immune responses to HIV infection [Video file]. In The Biomedical & Life Sciences Collection, Henry Stewart Talks. Retrieved December 12, 2024, from https://doi.org/10.69645/IOVU8996.Export Citation (RIS)
Publication History
Financial Disclosures
- There are no commercial/financial matters to disclose
How HIV causes disease 2: immune responses to HIV infection
Published on August 29, 2019
43 min
A selection of talks on Microbiology
Transcript
Please wait while the transcript is being prepared...
0:04
So, let's go back to what we were talking about before in
terms of the immune effector cells-
the cells that actually do the work of the immune system fighting against HIV.
I mentioned that B cells are antibody-producing cells.
CD4 cells are also called T-helper cells.
They're the central orchestrator of immune function and I mentioned that
CD8 T cells are killer T cells that kill virus-infected cells.
Let's go into this now in a little bit more detail to
understand exactly how these processes happen.
0:41
So, the question is, how does the immune system fight HIV?
One of the ways is by the development of HIV specific B cells,
which you remember when they encounter virus-infected cells,
there is a small subset of those cells that
recognize through their B cell receptor the HIV envelope protein,
and those then proliferate robustly and begin to
secrete, essentially, copies of
the B cell receptor that are soluble forms that are called antibodies.
Some of these antibodies are neutralizing antibodies, meaning that they can
directly bind to the virus and neutralize its ability to cause an infection.
Ideally, what we would be able to do is have
a vaccine induce antibodies to HIV that would prevent
an infection from ever happening by binding to the virus before
it can even infect a CD4 cell or if a CD4 cell is infected,
to be able to bind to virions that are being produced and
neutralize them so they can't go on to infect other cells.
The reality is when the discovery of HIV was first made,
Margaret Heckler, then the Director of Health and Human Services,
predicted that within a couple of years,
we would have a vaccine to prevent HIV infection,
anticipating that it would be relatively easy to generate antibodies,
now that we knew what the virus was and we had something to work with.