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Hello, this is Prof.
Steven Hirschfeld of
the Uniform Services
University of
the Health Sciences in
Bethesda, Maryland.
This is the second
of three parts of
a discussion of
pediatric research,
technical and logistical
considerations.
This part will focus on
the medical conditions
that affect children and adults.
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The medical conditions
and diseases
that affect children have
different etiologies.
There are a proportion of
children that are born
with genetic variants that
have effects on growth,
metabolism, and
cognition that make
these children especially
vulnerable to
environmental exposures.
Most children are
vulnerable to events
classified as
diseases of childhood
because these diseases
or conditions are
generally not diagnosed
and treated in adults.
There are some children
that are vulnerable to
diseases or conditions
that affect adults,
but may manifest
differently in children.
We'll review each of
these categories in turn.
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Diseases or conditions seen
primarily in premature
infants, which are
people who are born prior
to 37 weeks of gestation.
The listings here are examples
and not intended to
be comprehensive.
Respiratory distress
syndrome is due to
surfactant deficiency in
underdeveloped lungs.
Necrotizing enterocolitis,
which is a condition that
still has no clear etiology,
is a severe
gastrointestinal disease
that can be fatal that
affects premature infants.
Intraventricular
hemorrhage is bleeding
into the brain's
ventricular system due
to the fragility
of the vasculature
and the leakiness of the
blood-brain barrier.
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
is a chronic lung disease,
which is iatrogenic
or thought to be
iatrogenic in cause.
Patent ductus arteriosus
is due to the failure of
the ductus arteriosus in
the cardiac
vasculature to close,
which typically occurs
spontaneously during birth,
and it leads to abnormal
blood circulation.
Retinopathy of prematurity
is a vascular disease,
and congenital
adrenal hyperplasia
leads to salt-wasting crisis.
In neonates, there are
several conditions,
