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"Developmental and
Genetic Factors
Affecting Cardiopulmonary
Health in Children".
My name is Hannah
Bellsham-Revell,
and I'm a Pediatric
Cardiologist at
Evelina London
Children's Hospital.
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Common congenital heart defects.
Non-cyanotic lesions such as
shunt lesions, ASD, VSD, AVSD,
PDA, PAPVD,
valvar or vessel lesions such
as valvarstenosis
or regurgitation,
or coarctation of the aorta.
Those in bold are the
most common lesions,
and I will be talking
about them in
more detail in the
coming slides.
Cyanotic conditions, those
with inadequate blood
flow, for example,
Tetralogy of Fallot,
tricuspid, pulmonary
atresia, or stenosis.
Those with inadequate
mixing, for example,
transposition of
the great arteries,
or those with obligatory
mixing, for example,
total anomalous pulmonary venous
drainage or single
ventricle conditions.
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Atrial septal defects.
This is a hole
between the atria.
As the pulmonary vascular
resistance falls after birth,
you have increasing flow
from left to right.
They have high pulmonary
blood flow with
right heart dilatation
and breathlessness.
This often presents
in infancy or
older children or even adults
without significant symptoms.
They may have an ejection
systolic murmur at
the upper left sternal edge
with fixed splitting of
the second heart sound.
This can be closed with
a device or surgically.
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Ventricular septal defects.
These are holes
between the ventricles
as the pulmonary vascular
resistance falls,
there is increasing
left to right flow.
These high pulmonary
blood flow with
left heart dilatation,
breathlessness,
failure to thrive
and large defects
usually present around
4-6 weeks of age.
Small defects often have
a louder murmur which
is pansystolic murmur which
is an incidental finding.
Large defects can be repaired by
surgery and very occasionally
device closures.
Small defects may
close by themselves.
Atrioventricular septal defects.
