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Printable Handouts
Navigable Slide Index
- Introduction
- Why bother with EBM?
- How did we make clinical decisions?
- Thrombolytic therapy
- Prophylactic Lidocaine in MI
- First principle
- Nature of evidence
- Observational study: assessing exposure
- Randomized controlled trial
- Nature of evidence: examples
- Second principle
- Study design to assess a diagnostic test
- Observational study to assess prognosis
- Assessing certainty in the evidence by outcome
- Third principle
- Three principles
- Clinical decisions
- Spotting an evidence-based clinician
- Spotting an EBP: Mr Jones's case
- Spotting an EBP: Mrs. Smith's case
- How to recognize an EBP is old news
- Interpreting the evidence
- Summarizing evidence- VA hypertension study
- Relative risk reduction
- Absolute risk reduction
- Number needed to treat
- Breast cancer example
- A patient/parent dilemma
- Glasziou, Cochrane, 2003
- Antibiotics for acute otitis media in children (1)
- Antibiotics for acute otitis media in children (2)
- Trade-off
- Statin choice
- Conclusion
- Thank you
Topics Covered
- Making evidence-based clinical decisions
- First principle: nature of Evidence
- Second principle: hierarchies of evidence
- Third principle: values and preferences
- Evidence-based clinicians
- Interpreting the evidence
Links
Series:
Categories:
Talk Citation
Guyatt, G. (2018, July 31). An introduction to evidence-based medicine [Video file]. In The Biomedical & Life Sciences Collection, Henry Stewart Talks. Retrieved November 12, 2024, from https://doi.org/10.69645/UDCP3896.Export Citation (RIS)
Publication History
Financial Disclosures
- Prof. Gordon Guyatt has not informed HSTalks of any commercial/financial relationship that it is appropriate to disclose.
Other Talks in the Series: The Risk of Bias in Randomized Clinical Trials
Transcript
Please wait while the transcript is being prepared...
0:00
I'm Gordon Guyatt.
I'm a professor in the Department of Clinical Epidemiology
and Biostatistics and Medicine, McMaster University.
I practice as a specialist in internal medicine doing hospital-based care.
And for many years, I've been practicing an evidence-based approach to clinical care,
and in this talk, I would like to give you an introduction to evidence-based medicine.
0:27
So, in the talk,
I hope to persuade you about why you might bother with evidence-based medicine,
and to do so, I'm going to talk about life before evidence-based medicine.
Evidence-based medicine represents a solution. What was the problem?
I'm then going to describe the three principles of evidence-based medicine as
I see it and how to recognize an evidence-based medicine practitioner.
I'm going to give you an example to how to judge the size of
treatment effects and then a little story about helping the patient decide.
1:03
If it wasn't on the basis of evidence that
we use to make clinical decisions, what was it?
And I think to a large extent,
it was expert recommendations.
1:17
The next slide gives some insight into possible limitations of expert recommendations.
It is an old story of thrombolytic or clot
busting therapy for patients with myocardial infarction.
It's something called a cumulative meta-analysis.
Down the center of the figure is 1.0 which means
that thrombolytic therapy would neither increase nor
reduce the likelihood of death after myocardial infarction.
0.5 would represent thrombolytic therapy cutting the rate of death after MI in half.
2.0 on the right side of that figure would mean a doubling
of the death rate with thrombolytic therapy after myocardial infarction.
The dots represent the best estimate of treatment effect as the data accumulated,
and the lines around those dots represent a 95 percent confidence intervals,
the range of plausible truth as the data were accumulating.
The first trial of thrombolytic therapy enrolled only 23 patients,
and as a result, had very wide confidence intervals.
It was conducted in the late 1950s.
The second trial enrolled not 65 patients but 42.
This is a cumulative meta-analysis,
each of those numbers represents
the cumulative number of patients enrolled in trials up to that point.
Up to seven trials and less than 2,000 patients,
you still see that the confidence interval around the point estimate overlaps no effect.
We're still uncertain at this point whether thrombolytic therapy is beneficial or not.
At 10 trials and 2,500 patients,
we see that the confidence interval no longer overlaps no effect.
It's starting to look like thrombolytic therapy is beneficial.
We could have a discussion about when the answer was in but most of
us would probably say by 30 trials and over 6,000 patients.
The lower boundary of the confidence interval is now quite away from no effect.
We're getting very low p-values and it looks like thrombolytic therapy
reduces the death rate after myocardial infarction by about 25 percent.
Did this stop people from doing randomized trials of thrombolytic therapy?
No, it did not.
And indeed, there were another 40,000 patients enrolled after the answer was in,
half of whom did not receive the life-prolonging benefits of thrombolytic therapy.
We end up with a very narrow confidence interval, unnecessarily narrow,
and half the patients in those trials had paid
the price by not receiving the benefits of thrombolytic therapy.
Why then did we have to enroll another 40,000 patients after the answer is in?
I think a large part of
the answer to that question is on the right side of this slide which
presents textbook and current review recommendations
which were being made while these data were accumulated.
And the categories are recommending that thrombolytic therapy given routinely,
specific indications, calling it experimental treatment,
or not even mentioning thrombolytic therapy.
And two things I'd like to point out here,
one is the divergence in expert recommendations as these data were accumulated.
So, you see, in the latter part of the 1980s,
some experts are saying routine,
some specific indications, some calling it experimental,
some not even mentioning it.
And secondly, it's a decade after the answer is
in that you finally are approaching a consensus among
the experts and that is a very large part why
people had to keep doing the trials to finally convince the experts.