Maslow's hierarchy of needs

We will explore one of psychology’s most influential theories — Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. Developed by Abraham Maslow in the nineteen forties, this model explains what motivates human behaviour, from basic survival needs to personal fulfilment. Maslow visualised these needs as a pyramid with five levels, each representing different motivations. The key idea is that people must satisfy basic needs before progressing to more complex psychological and self-fulfilment needs. This theory has influenced not just psychology, but also management, marketing, and education. Each stage of the pyramid provides insight into what drives individuals and how organisations can better understand and support these motivations. At the foundation of Maslow’s hierarchy are physiological needs—food, water, warmth, rest, and shelter, the essentials for survival. If these are unmet, motivation is focused on obtaining them. Once secured, attention turns to safety needs, where people seek security and stability, such as personal and financial security, health, and protection from danger. In the workplace, this means fair wages and job security. Only when these needs are met can individuals focus on richer, more fulfilling lives. In many places, these foundational needs are not guaranteed, which affects everything else in the hierarchy. As physiological and safety needs are met, motivation shifts to a need for belonging and love, including friendships, intimate relationships, and