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Abstract
‘I know my own mind. I am able to assess others in a fair and accurate way’. In the book Blindspot: Hidden Biases of Good People, the authors (Banaji and Greenwald) challenge us to accept the reality that bias is universal (Banaji, M. R., Greenwald, A. G., (2013), ‘Blindspot: Hidden Biases of Good People’, Delacorte Press, Excerpt on book cover, 272 pp). Even when fully aware of our biases, they cannot be eliminated. This paper posits that the focus is less about eliminating bias and more about increasing self-awareness and learning about ourselves and the biases we hold but cannot see. Addressing negative bias in healthcare is about adapting our behaviours and decisions to minimise and control the harmful consequences of bias. In this paper, the authors provide examples and scenarios demonstrating bias and strategies to increase self-awareness and focus on behaviours, institutional practices, policies, systems and structures that perpetuate and reinforce bias and its adverse effects. They discuss how to mitigate and manage these biases by utilising the Bias Time Out. The Bias Time Out is a framework that provides a stepwise method that lends itself to easy adoption, application and translation while establishing a process to manage and control bias in real time. Healthcare organisations, systems and oversight bodies all play an important and central role in improving and transforming health, equity and the lives of patients, communities and the nation. Recognising and accepting this role is crucial in managing the negative and deleterious outcomes of bias and the structural and institutional forms of discrimination lurking just beneath the surface.
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Author's Biography
Gina Calder , MBA, MPH, FACHE, has led BJC HealthCare’s two St. Charles County hospitals, Barnes-Jewish St. Peters Hospital and Progress West Hospital, since being named president in February 2021. Before joining BJC, Calder held various executive roles at Bridgeport Hospital, a member of Yale New Haven Health, serving most recently as administrator and vice president. With Calder’s leadership, both hospitals have received numerous patient quality, safety and experience recognition including from Professional Research Corporation, U.S. News & World Report and Vizient. Barnes-Jewish St. Peters is also an American College of Radiology-accredited Breast Imaging Center of Excellence, and Progress West is also a Cribs for Kids Nationally Certified Safe Sleep Hospital. During her time with BJC, Calder has been named a Champion for Diversity and Inclusion by the St. Louis Business Journal, named among Becker’s Hospital Review’s ‘75 Black healthcare leaders to know in 2022’, and received the 2022 PRC Healthcare Leadership Impact award for her commitment to collaboration, service and innovation as well as the Distinguished Service Award from the American College of Healthcare Executives. Calder is a recognised leader in advancing diversity, equity, inclusion and belonging and has given numerous national presentations and academic lectures on this topic. She has a master’s degree in business administration; a master’s degree in public health, health policy and administration; and a bachelor’s degree in psychology, all from Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut.
Cynthia E. Boyd Cynthia Boyd, MD, MBA, is Professor of Medicine and Vice President and Chief Compliance Officer at Rush University Medical Center. She is Senior Associate Dean for Diversity, Equity and Inclusion and Associate Dean for admissions and recruitment at Rush Medical College. Dr Boyd has spent three decades in medical education focusing on increasing diversity in the physician workforce. She has been successful in increasing diversity across the medical school and graduate medical education by aligning and integrating Rush’s institutional mission, strategic plan for diversity and community partnerships. She has mentored countless medical students and serves as an adviser to prospective medical students as well. She served as an inaugural member of the Association of American Medical Colleges’ (AAMC) Holistic Review in Admissions Advisory Committee that set the initial guidelines and implementation of a comprehensive review to increase diversity in medical school admissions. She is also the inaugural chair of the AAMC Group on Diversity and Inclusion and currently serves on the AAMC editorial Board of MedEdPORTAL. In her role as Chief Compliance Officer, Dr Boyd has published and lectured and been nationally recognised as an important leader on clinical trials billing compliance as well as the clinical aspects of Medicare. A graduate of University of Colorado, Boulder, she completed medical school and Internal Medicine residency at The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences with a speciality in primary care. Dr Boyd has a Master of Business Administration degree and certification in Health Administration and Policy from the University of Chicago Booth School of Business.
Cecelia L. Calhoun Cecelia Calhoun, MD, MPHS, MBA, is Assistant Professor of Medicine (Haematology) and (Haematology/Oncology) at Yale University School of Medicine, where her clinical and research expertise centres on the care of persons with sickle cell disease (SCD). She also serves as the Medical Director of the Adult Sickle Cell Program at Smilow Cancer Hospital. Dr Calhoun uses mixed methods to find solutions to the educational and healthcare obstacles crucial to the longevity of adolescents with SCD. She has dedicated her career to the design and implementation of evidence-based interventions that promote successful transition from youth to adult care for the sickle cell population. As an NIH-funded investigator, she collaborates with her haematology colleagues across the nation to use Implementation Science methods to improve outcomes for patients with SCD throughout their life spans. Born in Detroit, Michigan, Dr Calhoun graduated from the University of Michigan with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Afro-American Studies and a medical doctorate from Wayne State University. She continued her training at Michigan State University as a paediatric resident, then a fellowship at Washington University School of Medicine, where she also completed a Master of Population Health Sciences. Dr Calhoun received her MBA from the Yale University School of Management.
Gayle L. Capozzalo Gayle Capozzalo, FACHE, is Executive Director of The Equity Collaborative, which is part of the Carol Emmott Foundation and focused on gender equity in healthcare leadership and governance. She is also President/CEO of JGF Strategies LLC, providing strategy guidance to healthcare organisations. She retired in July 2018 as the Executive Vice President/Chief Strategy Officer of Yale New Haven Health System. She joined the system in 1997 and was primarily responsible for system strategy development and execution, marketing, community and government relations, innovation, business development and mergers and acquisitions. Ms Capozzalo received her Master of Science in Public Health from the University of Missouri-Columbia and completed two years of post-master’s degree work in healthcare marketing and organisational development at St. Louis University. She has more than 35 years of experience in system strategy, integration, development and management in the industry. Ms Capozzalo is a Past Chairman of the ACHE Board of Governors. She was recently presented the Gold Medal Award by ACHE. Currently, she serves on the board of Universal Health Realty Income Trust as a member of its audit, nominating/governance committees and chair of its compensation committee. She also serves on the board of 406 Venture Healthcare Executive Council in Boston and is the senior strategy adviser to PhysicianOne Urgent Care, the largest, private equity urgent care company in Connecticut.
Susan M. Pollart , MD, MS, Ruth E. Murdaugh Professor of Family Medicine, leads the Offices of Faculty Affairs and Faculty Development in the University of Virginia School of Medicine (UVA SOM) as Senior Associate Dean (SAD). Dr Pollart is involved in all aspects of faculty life from recruitment to retirement and leads the Office’s activities in the professional development of faculty, particularly those faculty traditionally under-represented in medicine. Since 2010 Dr Pollart has played a leadership role in the UVA SOM’s efforts related to diversity and inclusion. She is active in the AAMC Group on Faculty Affairs and in the AAMC Group in Diversity and Inclusion (participating as faculty for the Health Care Executive Diversity and Inclusion Certificate Program) and has taught for over a decade in the AAMC Group on Women in Medicine and Science’s Early Career Seminar for Women Faculty. In 2018 she joined the faculty of the Hedwig van Ameringen Executive Leadership in Academic Medicine (ELAM; the authors’ US registered trademark application is currently pending) programme. From 2019 to 2022 Dr Pollart represented UVA Health in The Equity Collaborative of the Carol Emmott Foundation. Her scholarly focus is on faculty engagement and satisfaction. Working with data from the AAMC’ StandPoint Survey, in collaboration with faculty leaders from over a dozen academic health centres, she has studied drivers of faculty satisfaction, predictors of faculty attrition and issues related to part-time work in academic medicine. Dr Pollart continues to practise and teach family medicine, providing lifelong care for patients and mentoring future leaders in academic family medicine.
Citation
Calder, Gina, Boyd, Cynthia E., Calhoun, Cecelia L., Capozzalo, Gayle L. and Pollart, Susan M. (2023, June 1). The Bias Time Out: A practical tool for advancing DEIB in the healthcare space. In the Management in Healthcare: A Peer-Reviewed Journal, Volume 7, Issue 4. https://doi.org/10.69554/WYMN2230.Publications LLP