Traditional mortars in North-East Yorkshire: Part 2 — Analytical results, technical evaluation and implications for practice
Abstract
This second part of the two-part paper which began in Journal of Building Survey, Appraisal & Valuation Volume 15, Issue 1 presents the scientific, technical and interpretative findings of a major mortar analysis project undertaken in Bransdale in 2024. Laboratory investigations, including compositional, mineralogical and microstructural analysis, reveal a consistent pattern of non-hydraulic and feebly hydraulic lime mortars, characterised by high lime content, fine limestone or quartz aggregate, and evidence of traditional hot-mixing methods. The results clarify the performance characteristics of historic mortars within a challenging climatic environment and provide insights into slaking behaviour, carbonate development, aggregate selection and the role of accessory materials such as coal, ash and clay. The paper evaluates the implications of these findings for current conservation practice, demonstrating the functional advantages of lime-rich, capillary-active mortars for moisture management and fabric durability. Additional case studies and appendices document variations across sites and support the development of compatible repair mortars. The paper concludes by outlining future directions for research, training and kiln reconstruction, underscoring the value of evidence-based, regionally informed approaches to mortar conservation. The analysis for this paper was carried out by Bill Revie, whose technical input has been fundamental to the work presented here. This article is also included in The Business & Management Collection which can be accessed at https://hstalks.com/business/.
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Author's Biography
Nigel Copsey started out as a dry-stone waller in Cornwall, UK, and after 1989 trained as stonemason and carver at Weymouth College, working largely thereafter in the conservation industry across the south and southwest of England, and regularly after 1999 in Vermont, USA, as well as in Granada, Andalusia, Spain. Nigel was masonry consultant on the Irish Hunger Memorial in New York City. Since 2001, Nigel has worked extensively as consultant and practitioner in the field of building conservation and repair in North Yorkshire, UK, upon a wide range of vernacular and high-status buildings, designing, specifying and executing major repair projects to a wide range of historic buildings within the town, as well as researching, designing and specifying a number of building repair and conservation projects on behalf of Natural England. During the last eight years, while mainly repairing historic buildings in York and beyond, Nigel has surveyed and specified the repair of St Luke’s Anglican Cathedral and the Carnegie Library in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, and worked as consultant and practitioner at the Cole Island National Historic Site in Vancouver Island, British Columbia, as well as delivering traditional mortars workshops in Chicago and Nebraska in recent years. Nigel has contributed to several volumes of the recently published Historic England Practical Conservation series. A committed SPAB-member, Nigel is also a professionally accredited conservator-restorer and determined advocate for the thoroughgoing use of traditional materials in the care and repair of old buildings and a leading advocate for the routine use of hot mixed lime and traditional earth-lime mortars for most applications, working extensively with Historic England and international partners in the delivery of practical training and education in the informed use of traditional quicklime mortars for the like-forlike and compatible repair of historic buildings. A Research Associate of the Department of Archaeology, York University, Nigel regularly delivers hot mixed earth and lime mortars and traditional skills training. His book, Hot Mixed Lime and Traditional Mortars was published in 2019, as well as his HES Technical Paper 30, a review of historic literature concerning lime. He has more recently been awarded an MA by Research on the same.
Citation
Copsey, Nigel (2026, September 1). Traditional mortars in North-East Yorkshire: Part 2 — Analytical results, technical evaluation and implications for practice. In the Journal of Building Survey, Appraisal & Valuation, Volume 15, Issue 2. https://doi.org/10.69554/RLRS9058.Publications LLP