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1. Introduction
2. Old chemists never die they just reach equilibrium
3. How do we define stress?
4. Chloroplasts are particularly sensitive to stress
5. Coupling of the light and dark reactions
6. Uncoupling of the light and dark reactions
7. Conditions that disrupt the light-dark coupling
8. Drought stress
9. Heat stress
10. Various conditions disrupting chloroplast function
11. Production of singlet oxygen
12. Production of superoxide radicals
13. What are ROS?
14. ROS chemistry
15. ROS function during stress
16. Chloroplast reaction mechanisms to stress
17. Adjustment of light-harvesting antenna size
18. A model for the state transition
19. Light thermal dissipation using NPQ pathway
20. Scheme of the qE quenching mechanism
21. Photoprotection through photochemistry
22. Cyclic electron flow: occurs at PSI and PSII
23. Cyclic electron flow scheme
24. Water-water cycle
25. Photorespiration
26. Over-reduction of the photosynthetic appartus
27. Alternative oxidase
28. Summary of the flow of events in the chloroplast
29. Scavenging of ROS as a last line of defense
30. The ROS scavenging network complexity
31. The ROS network
32. ROS mutants
33. ROS signal transduction
34. Summary of the ROS signal transduction pathway
35. Chloroplast/nuclei communication
36. The chloroplast-nuclei signaling pathway
37. Examples of ROS as signals during stress
38. Induction of APX2-LUC and APX2
39. PQ pool: a critical signal for APX2 regulation
40. Singlet oxygen as a signal
41. Executer1 blocks signaling by singlet oxygen
42. Pathways activated by ROS
43. Chloroplast/cytosol communication in K/O APX1
44. H2O2 accumulation and protein oxidation
45. How can we explain the results?
46. Chloroplast sensitivity to external H2O2 application
47. APX1 can modulate the level of hydrogen peroxide
48. Summary of defense mechanisms
49. Chloroplasts protection from stress
50. Anatomical adaptations in Retama raetam
51. Chloroplast movement
52. Summary
53. Selected reviews on the subject

Topics Covered

• Environmental factors such as heat, drought or salinity can cause cell injury and death of plants
• Within cells, chloroplasts contain many different mechanisms that enable them to cope with harsh environmental conditions and reduce risk associated with accumulation of toxic reactive oxygen species

Links

Series:

• Chloroplast

Categories:

• Biochemistry
• Cell Biology
• Plant & Animal Sciences

Talk Citation

Publication History

• Published on October 1, 2007

Financial Disclosures

• Dr. Ron Mittler has not informed HSTalks of any commercial/financial relationship that it is appropriate to disclose.