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Navigable Slide Index

1. Introduction
2. Two major questions
3. Genetic tools
4. Advantage of uniparental markers
5. Limitations of uniparental genetic systems
6. Who are the ancestors of modern Europeans?
7. Neanderthals are not our ancestors
8. Homo neanderthalensis
9. Location of Neanderthal remains
10. Homo neanderthalensis: questions
11. Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
12. Human mtDNA genome
13. Skeletal remains first analyzed for mtDNA variation
14. Neanderthal mtDNA and modern mtDNA
15. The recent African genesis of humans
16. Origin of modern humans
17. When did modern humans arrive in Europe?
18. Homo sapiens paleoanthropological data
19. Dispersal of modern humans in Eurasia
20. What about the genetic evidence?
21. mtDNA genetics
22. Maternal inheritance and lack of recombination
23. What is a mtDNA haplogroup?
24. The mtDNA process of molecular differentiation
25. Molecular approach to determine mtDNA variation
26. Worldwide mtDNA phylogeny
27. Out of Africa dispersal
28. Paleoenvironmental evidence
29. Temperature change over the last 150 ky (1)
30. Out of Africa and back again?
31. Spatial frequency map of M1
32. Spatial frequency map of U6
33. Levantine early upper paleolithic in Africa
34. Phylogeny of M1
35. Phylogeny of U6
36. Conclusions about M1 and U6
37. Overall scenario - migration to Africa and Europe
38. What is U5?
39. Haplogroup U in the worldwide mtDNA phylogeny
40. The numerous clade within haplogroup U
41. What occurred within Europe while U5 arrived?
42. "Classical" genetic markers
43. Principal component analysis (PCA)
44. First PC
45. Second PC
46. Third PC
47. mtDNA data: alternative explanation in the 2nd PC
48. PCA of mtDNA haplogroup profiles
49. Haplogroup H in the worldwide mtDNA phylogeny
50. Glacial refuge - source for the European gene pool
51. Phylogeny of H
52. Spatial frequency maps
53. Spatial frequency map of V
54. Haplogroup V in the worldwide mtDNA phylogeny
55. Coalescence ages of H1, H3 and V
56. Temperature change over the last 150 ky (2)
57. Conclusion about Franco-Cantabrian refuge area
58. mtDNA reveals unexpected population links
59. Phylogeny of U
60. Subhaplogroup U5b1b
61. Current location of populations harboring U5b1b
62. Saami
63. Berbers
64. Population distribution of U5b1b
65. Conclusion about U5b1b
66. Major role played by glacier refuge areas at LGM
67. Y-chromosome haplogroups in Europe
68. Refuge for Y-chromosome haplogroups
69. Ancient DNA from the first European farmers
70. N1a in the worldwide mtDNA phylogeny
71. Results leading to a dead end
72. More recent events of gene flow in Europe
73. The Etruscans: a paradigmatic example
74. The Etruscan culture and language
75. No evidence that Etruscan gene pool has vanished
76. Partially retained ancestral gene pool in Tuscany
77. Tuscan populations
78. Technical approach
79. MtDNA tree of modern Tuscans
80. Power of mtDNA in discriminating populations
81. Placement of Murlo
82. Mitochondrial haplogroups spatial frequency maps
83. Haplotypes shared with Near Eastern populations
84. In brief...
85. Conclusion about Etruscan
86. Microgeographic data: origin of Sardinians
87. Phylogeny of M2
88. Major implication
89. Summary

Topics Covered

• Origin of modern Europeans
• Genetic tools
• Neanderthal vs. modern humans
• Complete mitochondrial DNA sequences: new data on the early events after the Out of Africa exit
• Paleolithic vs. Neolithic origin of the European gene pool
• Expansions from glacial refugia after the Last Glacial Maximum
• Unexpected genetic links between modern populations: the case of the Saami and Berbers
• Population studies at the microgeographic level: the paradigmatic case of the Etruscans

Links

Series:

• Human Population Genetics I

Categories:

• Genetics & Epigenetics

Talk Citation

Torroni, A. (2007, October 1). Historical and geographical genetic variation: Europe [Video file]. In The Biomedical & Life Sciences Collection, Henry Stewart Talks. Retrieved April 16, 2025, from https://doi.org/10.69645/MLPS1326.
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Publication History

• Published on October 1, 2007
• Archived on August 13, 2020

Financial Disclosures

• Prof. Antonio Torroni has not informed HSTalks of any commercial/financial relationship that it is appropriate to disclose.